Three of the four largest companies in the world today are oil companies -- Royal Dutch Shell, Exxon Mobil, and BP. Underneath these giant energy companies are five hundred global companies representing every sector and industry with a combined revenue of $22.5 trillion (one-third of the world's $62 trillion GDP), inseparably connected to and dependent on fossil fuels for their very survival. The U.S. holds only 2% of the world's known petroleum reserves so we cannot simply "drill, baby, drill" our way out of this challenge.

Over the past few years, several dozen U.S. petroleum firms have secured permits and are now drilling thousands of new petroleum wells on U.S. lands. This represents the largest wave of new drilling in the U.S. since the 1970's then motivated by the OPEC Oil Embargo. Several of the CEO's and Operations V.P.'s of these firms have shared basically the same message - the petroleum they are extracting has an incredibly wide range of costs: $10/barrel - $110/barrel based on the well depth, specific location and characteristics of the petroleum. By the time they ship the petroleum to a refinery, contribute to their respective and required multi-$B environmental reclamation funds and pay a viable return on investment to the people and organizations who provided the capital to execute on the business plans to explore, drill, extract and refine the petroleum, the cost at the pumps will continue to be in $3.50-$4.50 gallon range. As history has shown, these waves of domestic petroleum extraction rapidly diminish in volume so while these efforts have helped to lower and stabilize the cost of petroleum for a few years, this is not sustainable.

It is not that the world will run out of petroleum over the next 10 years, rather, the higher priced petroleum sourced products will be replaced by lower priced bio-oil sourced products. The future for a net petroleum exporting nation vs. the future for a net petroleum importing nation is very different. U.S. petroleum production has been in decline since the 1970's and the U.S. is the largest net importer of petroleum in the world. As the supply declines, a growing percentage of the total volume of petroleum extracted will be used for applications other than transportation.

• If you are still driving a gasoline powered car in the U.S. in 2014, expect to wait in lines and to pay $5/gal price at the pumps. There is little chance you will still be driving a gasoline powered car by 2018 - $7 gallon - plan accordingly. Petroleum sourced gasoline is a fossil fuel with a finite volume available. [2018 - $140 barrel petroleum projection - this pump price projection includes the removal of petroleum industry subsidies and increased fossil fuel taxes]. For more information: Are you driving your last gasoline powered car?
• Ethanol production from any feedstock source is too energy intensive to be viable, ethanol offers a very low energy density, it has an extremely high evaporation factor and it currently off-sets food production on 28M acres of prime U.S. farmland so has a dim future for continued large scale production. [2010 - $310 barrel equiv.]
• CNG requires high maintenance compressors, a multi-$Trillion distribution system, serious environmental impact for extraction (fracking) and is not only the most volatile (unstable and explosive) transportation fuel, but also has the most volatile price history of any energy source over the past 10 years. CNG is a fossil fuel with a finite volume available. It has little future for achieving large scale production status. [2010 - $75 barrel equiv.; 2008 - $340 barrel equiv.; 2006 - $225 barrel equiv.]
• Biodiesel from 1st generation feedstocks (soy, corn, grasses, etc.) offers low yield (less than 100 gallons/acre/year), off-sets food production on over 25 million acres of prime U.S. farmland today so has no long term future for continued large scale production. [2010 - $122 barrel equiv.]
• Secretary Chu's first major directive in office was to evaluate the "Proverbial Hydrogen Economy". The status report came back in May 2009 and called for $T's more in research, development, execution and a 50 year time line. Funding was canceled and this solution was put on hold indefinitely - a prudent decision. [2010 - several hundred $$ barrel equiv.]
• EV's and Hybrids are not economically feasible or finite resource viable (Batteries/Grid Issues and Peak Minerals) - they have no near future, large scale production potential. For more information: EV's and Hybrids are not our Future
  
• Synthetic gasoline and synthetic diesel processing are x2-x4 the cost of biodiesel from 2nd generation feedstocks and are not likely to come down in price significantly over the next decade. New technologies may make this solution economically viable at some point in the future. [2010 - $120 barrel equiv.]
• Considering current options and technologies, biodiesel from 2nd generation, high yield feedstocks (800-14,000 gallons/acre/year) is our only sustainable and economically viable, large scale solution for petroleum replacement. The fact that it is a drop-in fuel saves literally $T's in infrastructure expenditures:
  • There are 28M acres of yellowhorn orchards actively being planted in the U.S. today and the projected 200M acres of yellowhorn trees by 2020 worldwide will generate almost half of the world's 2009 petroleum production volume. [2010 - $38 barrel equiv. - direct processing and $20 barrel equiv. as recycled cooking oil - Projected 2020 - $38 barrel equiv. - direct processing and $20 barrel equiv. as recycled cooking oil (cooking oil is ~50B gallon/yr world wide market) - as there are 42 gallons per petroleum barrel equivalent - this is less than $1/gallon (this pricing of 2nd generation sourced biodiesel is the most important information contained in this article and the U.S. must migrate to diesel engines to take advantage of this opportunity)]
  • Micro algae commercial facilities are already in production around the world and are generating hundreds of millions of gallons/year of bio-oils and non-ground vehicle transportation fuel. Within 10 years as much as 50% of all transportation fuel for the U.S. will come from large scale, micro algae or synthetic photosynthesis production facilities

100% Biodiesel (B100) fuel sourced from 2nd generation feedstock running in an advanced diesel engine is life-cycle carbon neutral and reduces emissions to the point where in most U.S. cities, these vehicles with consideration of the fuel's life-cycle off-sets, will literally clean the air while running. So the advanced diesel vehicles running 2nd generation feedstock sourced biodiesel are far Greener based on lower emissions than gasoline vehicles, hybrids and EV's. However, getting to B100 for the almost 300 million vehicles in the U.S. today is not possible for many years - we simply lack the production volume capacity today though a 15-20 year migration window is plausible.

Please consider that virtually every industrialized nation in the world already has biodiesel mandates in place and are well into the Migration and while the U.S. Federal government has been slow to move, there are 7 U.S. states that have biodiesel blend mandates from B2 to B7 in place today. The Great State of Minnesota has already passed a B20 mandate by 2015. Petroleum diesel and biodiesel can be blended at any % level.

So how do we get from where we are today to where we need to be over the next 10 years? We need to get off of gasoline vehicles and migrate to diesel/biodiesel blends with a target of B100. Our own experience with this migration has been amazingly positive and painless - ETC Green's AWD, full-sized SUV, Jeep Grand Cherokees achieve 52mppg, provide lower emissions than a Toyota Prius and we never have to plug them in. Finally, GM has decided it is time to get into the winning game with their announcement of the release of the diesel powered Cruze in the U.S. market for 2013. If you are concerned about cold weather starting of diesel engines - put your mind at ease - that was an issue with old diesel technology.

In the past 4 years, over 75% of vehicles sold in some European nations are powered with diesel engines. These numbers are fluctuating based on tax structures and local EPA peer agency regulatory changes. However, as the price of petroleum continues to climb, ultimately, diesel engines will dominate both the heavy truck and the light fleets (cars, light trucks and SUV's) worldwide for a list of practical, undeniable reasons - basically they are more efficient than gasoline engines and they provide an immediate migration to biodiesel - a fuel that is already less expensive than petrodiesel today if sourced from preferred 2nd generation feedstock.

Most of these vehicles are powered by the new Common Rail Diesel (CRD) engine and include a Turbo Direct Injection (TDI) fuel system. TDI specifications include fuel injection pressures around 30,000 PSI. This extreme pressure virtually atomizes the fuel so combustion is far more complete. This more complete burn results in higher engine efficiency, better mileage and lower emissions. Ponder the concept of a 20%-40% volume reduction in fuel usage and emissions when comparing same make/model vehicles in the gasoline vs. advanced diesel versions. Replacing spark-ignition gasoline engines with advanced diesel engines with components expected to be available in the next 5 years would yield over-all fuel savings of as much as 46%. Start/Stop technology now available on most advanced diesel vehicles raises the engine efficiency to near 80%.

Over the past 2 years, U.S. sales of diesel powered cars, trucks and SUV's have increased at the highest rate in history. JD Powers and Associates and other polling firms are reporting advanced diesel vehicles may outsell gasoline only and gasoline/hybrid powered vehicles in the U.S. by 2014. Over the next 3-4 years, we expect this growth will be exponential where 80% of all vehicles sold in the U.S. by 2018 will be diesel powered. ETC Green Staff have recently conducted a poll to see if people understand the cost savings of diesel powered vehicles compared to gasoline powered vehicles. When asked, only 3 out of 500 people (all non-diesel vehicle owners) calculated the savings correctly. This savings is the combination of the higher efficiency diesel engines, higher energy density per gallon of diesel fuel, the much longer life expectancy of diesel engines over gasoline engines and no fuel evaporation loss.

Virtually every advanced diesel engine car, SUV and truck is also offered with a gasoline engine version (same make, same model, same options other than engine). If the price of gasoline is $4.00 gallon (as it is currently), then the equivalent price of diesel to drive the same distance in the same car could be in the range of $4.80 to $5.30 gallon. Yet, diesel fuel is typically within +/- 5% of the cost of 87 octane regular gasoline so diesel fuel is typically 25% less expensive than gasoline today due to its higher energy density. Diesel fuel is actually often less expensive than gasoline in real cost at the pump during the summer months (this results in diesel based vehicles being 30-35% less expensive than gasoline) as the warm weather blends require less additives than the cold weather blends. Also, various states tax gasoline and diesel at different rates. Every driver in Illinois, for example, should own a diesel powered vehicle as the pump price of diesel is virtually always less than gasoline. Upgrading to a diesel powered vehicle would provide an immediate 30%-35% fuel savings for Illinois residents.

Diesel engines achieve greater fuel efficiency than gasoline engines as diesel engines have a higher compression ratio than gasoline engines so typically produce an energy efficiency rating of 45% while gasoline engines only 30%. The following chart shows the fuel side of this advantage via standard energy units.

The 3rd way advanced diesel engines save on costs and resources is their extended life cycle compared to gasoline powered or hybrid powered vehicles. Diesel vehicles have a proven history of reaching 300K miles with only regular maintenance costs and $100 batteries. This advanced diesel cost model results in 1/2 to 1/3 the environmental impact and recycling compared to EV's and Hybrids.

Also, every refueling station in the nation posts signs banning the use of cell phones while refueling. This is due to the potential hazard of igniting the evaporating ethanol and gasoline in the air with the static electricity that accumulates around a cell phone. There will be a day where there will be no gasoline or ethanol fuel sold at refueling stations and this hazard will no longer exist as biodiesel has virtually no evaporation fumes and will not ignite unless under extreme pressure.

Lastly, a diesel engine is heavier than a gasoline engine. This additional mass will, in an accident, protect the driver and passengers better than a lighter weight gasoline engine.

We project that within 4-5 years, biodiesel blends will be 50% less expensive than gasoline and within 6-8 years, B100 will be sold at about 1/3rd of the cost of petroleum sourced fuels - $2-$3 gallon - at the pumps. UOP, the world's leading transportation fuels chemical engineering firm, has embraced 2nd Generation feedstock sourced biodiesel and has developed additives for biodiesel down to -45 F for northern climates and cold weather engine applications (jet aircraft).

Send the message to our legislators, car manufacturers and petroleum companies:

• Favor high yield, 2nd generation feedstock sourced biodiesel crops - yellowhorn and micro algae
• Replace virtually all engines with advanced diesel technology targeting B100 fuels
• Update the EPA units of measure so their regulations consider total life-cycle from Well-to-Wheel/Field-Fuel bio-crop off-sets
• We must limit the use of rare earth and heavy metal minerals in EV's and Hybrids - we need these minerals for thousands of other industries especially large scale renewable energy projects. We have research statistics to estimate the average number of minutes a U.S. citizen spends in a car per day and 31 minutes/day was a common conclusion. The concept that people would consciously make the decision to deplete the supply of critical minerals needed for wind turbine manufacturing and sequester them in a vehicle that they only drive for 31 minutes per day for a 7 year life cycle does not seem like a responsible trade-off. Such a turbine, in a good wind resource, with the same amount of minerals is likely to generate Green Energy for 10-14 hours per day for 30 years.
• Retool the US petroleum refineries for maximum diesel yield production so we can migrate from petroleum to biodiesel via petrodiesel/biodiesel blends (B5, B10, B20, B40, ..., B100)
• Begin to migrate baseload power plants to use glycerin and micro algae biomass in coal furnaces to reduce emissions
• Replace all glycol anti-freeze products with glycerin based products which are less expensive, more effective and more environmentally friendly

Are you driving your last gasoline powered car?

The Emerging Technology Corporation (ETC) - Green Division includes Professional Engineers, seasoned Project Managers, Scientists and Researchers in various related disciplines and experienced Field Staff - a total of over 30 committed individuals. ETC Green and the Emerging Technology Corporation have also established relationships with U.S. National Laboratories, USDA, EPA, DoE, NRC, DoI, BLM, DoD, USGS and several universities. We are active in the development and authoring of new Renewable Energy legislation working with current and past state governors, state and federal legislators, county governments and municipalities.